The Infinite Universe

The question: Is The Universe, the whole of all existence itself, infinite in all directions?

The simple answer is Yes. Let me explain it so you have an understanding of how it is true.

The Matter of Infinite:

The Observable Universe is relative to an observer.

No matter where an observer travels throughout the Universe, their event horizon, area of observation, travels with them.

This also holds true in theoretical perfect vacuum state.

Conclusion:

The Eternal Universe, the whole of all existence itself, is infinite in all directions. It always has been and always will be.

The Eternal Universe

The question: Is The Universe, the whole of all existence itself, eternal?

Currently this is an unknown being argued throughout humanity.

However, the simple answer is Yes. Let me explain it so you have an understanding of how it is true.

Three Matters of The Universe:

1. [things]: this begins with the first most fundamental part that makes up the parts that make up the table of the elements, and all things made of it. [things] are causal of the continuum of spacetime, which is where the Uncertainty Principle holds true.

2. [thing]: The Universe, the whole of all existence itself infinite in all directions, in which the Big Bang occured and what [things] are in and of.

3. [nothing]: a void, without dimension nor direction, without potential altogether.

Three Options of Eternal:

1. [nothing] -> [thing] -> Big Bang -> [things] in and of [thing]

This is impossible as [nothing] is without potential altogether. [thing] would never come to be, therefore the Big Bang would never have happened, therefore [things] would never have come to be in and of [thing]. Only [nothing] would still be.

2. [thing] -> Big Bang -> [things] in and of [thing]

[thing] in the beginning is void of [things], also void of all influence of [things]. Only the monochromatic wave of the measure of Planck can be found, a perfect vacuum infinite in all directions.

3. [things] in and of [thing] are eternal

This is impossible as it does not include The Big Bang event.

Also, if even the first most fundamental part of [things] is eternal then [thing] is eternal, as this first most fundamental part is IN [thing].

Conclusion:

1. is impossible.
3. is impossible.
2. is necesssarily the way reality is.

The Universe, [thing], the whole of all existence itself, is eternal.

As the Universe is eternal, necessarily the metric of Time is also eternal.

The Big Bang

There is nothing within this document that is speculative.  Everything within it is deducible from the givens.

Given: The universe, existence itself, is eternal. The universe has always existed in one state or another.

Given: The universe, existence itself, is infinite in all directions. The universe has always been infinite in all directions, and always will be infinite in all directions.

Given: Expansion is an intrinsic property of the universe. The universe is not expanding into anything.

Given: Everything happens through cause and effect. All casual and non-causal forces have a cause.

The Beginning Of Cause And Effect

There was a force that caused the big bang, therefore cause and effect does not begin with the Big Bang but with the cause of the force that caused the Big Bang.

The Universe Prior To The Big Bang

Being that particle matter did not exist prior to the Big Bang, it is deducible that the volume of the universe prior to the Big Bang was a perfect vacuum volume infinite in all directions.

Perfect Vacuum Volume Infinite In All Directions

Things deducible about a perfect vacuum volume infinite in all directions:

Infinite Volume: The vacuum extends infinitely in all directions.

Perfect Vacuum: The volume is a theoretical construct of a perfect vacuum, devoid of any matter particles, atoms, molecules, or subatomic particles.

Isotropic: The properties of the vacuum are the same in all directions, meaning it is uniform and symmetric.

Higgs Field Presence: In the perfect vacuum volume, the only physical substance present is the Higgs field. It is the fundamental quantum field that permeates the vacuum.

Monochromatic: The Higgs field oscillations have a single, constant frequency.

Higgs Field Oscillation: The Higgs field in the vacuum volume undergoes oscillations with a specific wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν).

Planck Length Wavelength: The wavelength of the Higgs field oscillations is equal to the Planck length (approximately 1.616 × 10^-35 meters), which is the smallest possible length scale in the universe.

Planck Time Frequency: The frequency of the Higgs field oscillations is equal to the Planck time (approximately 5.391 × 10^-44 seconds), which is the smallest possible time interval in the universe.

Non-zero Temperature: The non-zero temperature in a perfect vacuum volume is due to the oscillations of the Higgs field alone.

Zero Matter Density: There are no matter particles, including quarks, leptons, or gauge bosons, present in this vacuum. Only the Higgs field exists. The volume is necessarily purely momentive.

No Applicable Fundamental Forces: In a perfect vacuum with only the Higgs field present, fundamental forces, including gravity and other known forces, do not apply.

Vacuum Energy: The vacuum would possess a specific energy associated with the Higgs field oscillations, which could be quantified based on the Planck energy scale.

Energy Density: The vacuum has an associated energy density, which could be quantified based on the properties of the Higgs field.

Extreme Energies: The Planck energy scale is incredibly high, around 10^19 GeV, far beyond current experimental capabilities, making it difficult to test or observe such a scenario directly.

Applicability of Fundamental Constants: The values of fundamental constants, such as the speed of light (c), Planck's constant (h), and the gravitational constant (G), would still apply in this vacuum. These constants are intrinsic properties of the universe and remain consistent regardless of the presence of matter or fundamental forces.

Certainty of Higgs Field: The Higgs field is in an isotropic state of certainty, meaning it is uniform and homogenous infinite in all directions.

Unobservable by Current Technology: The conditions described involve energy scales and length-time scales far beyond our current experimental capabilities, making it impossible to directly observe or test this scenario.

Consistency with Current Scientific Knowledge: The characteristics of a perfect vacuum, including the presence of the Higgs field and the absence of matter and fundamental forces, are consistent with current scientific understanding and theoretical physics concepts.

Theoretical Nature: This theoretical setup is based on current theoretical physics concepts and models. It helps researchers explore the fundamental nature of the universe at extremely small scales and understand the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity.

Theoretical Exploration: The idea of a perfect vacuum is essential for theoretical physics and helps in understanding the fundamental nature of the universe and the behavior of quantum fields.

To summarize, in a perfect vacuum volume that is infinite in all directions, only the Higgs field would be present, and all other matter particles and fundamental forces would not apply. The concept of a perfect vacuum is theoretical and serves as a valuable construct for exploring the fundamental aspects of the universe in theoretical physics. The vacuum would have vacuum energy and quantum fluctuations, and certain fundamental constants would still be applicable. However, it's crucial to acknowledge that a true perfect vacuum is theoretical and not currently achievable or observable with our current technology. The characteristics of a perfect vacuum do not contradict current scientific knowledge and are consistent with our understanding of theoretical physics.

Challenging to Describe with SpaceTime: In a perfect vacuum with the absence of the fundamental forces of SpaceTime, the concept of traditional spacetime does not apply, and its description requires more advanced theoretical frameworks, such as quantum gravity or theories of spacetime at the Planck scale.

Higgs Field Constants: The Higgs field in the vacuum volume is characterized by certain constants, such as its vacuum expectation value (VEV) and self-coupling constant, which determine its properties and behavior.

Planck Constants: The Planck constant (h) ≈ 6.62607015 × 10^-34 J-s and the reduced Planck constant (ħ) ≈ 1.054 × 10^-34 Joule-seconds are fundamental constants that play a significant role in quantum mechanics and can impact the behavior of quantum fields in the vacuum.

Speed of Light: The speed of light (c) ≈ 299,792,458 m/s is a fundamental constant in physics that represents the maximum speed at which information or matter can travel in the vacuum. In a perfect vacuum, the speed of light remains a constant and is not affected by the absence of matter.

Stefan-Boltzmann Constant: The Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ) ≈ 5.670374419 × 10^-8 W/(m^2·K^4) relates to blackbody radiation and is relevant for calculating the energy radiated from an object at a given temperature. In a perfect vacuum with a non-zero temperature, this constant would apply when considering radiation.

The Force That Caused The Big Bang

Being that the universe prior to the Big Bang was an isotropic purely momentive volume infinite in all directions, necessarily the force that caused the Big Bang was an isotropic purely momentive force.

The nature of the force is logically deducible.

The force that caused the big bang must have been random and non-causal, and instantaneous, and transcendental to Planck Time.

The Cause of The Force

There is only one type of event that is random and non-casual, and instantaneous, and transcendental to planck time that could cause the force that caused the big bang.

What causes an event of this nature?

The Big Bang

The Big Bang was not an explosion. It was an isotropic change of state event.

The force caused the universe to change state from the state of perfect vacuum volume infinite in all directions, to its infinite density state infinite in all directions.

This change of state took place in one Planck time (5.39116 x 10^-44 seconds).

Prior to big bang, pure vacuum energy

T=0, the moment of the force that caused the big bang. vacuum energy isotropically infinite in all directions instantaneously becomes zero.

T=one Planck time, end of big bang, beginning of Hawking radiation, beginning of vacuum energy again, beginning of expansion, beginning of the fundamental force of gravity.

T=10-43 seconds, gravity becomes distinct, expansion continues

T=10-36 s, gluons, strong nuclear force begins to separate.

T=10-35 s, strong nuclear force becomes distinct, cosmic inflation begins.

T=10-32 s, the inflaton field collapses, cosmic inflation ends, expansion as we know it today begins again.

Then we for the electroweak epoch, then the electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force separate.

Then the particle era

Epistemology

Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη, epistēmē, meaning "knowledge, understanding", and λόγος, logos, meaning "study of") is the foundation of philosophy being it is "the study of knowledge, understanding", and is also referred to as "The Theory of Knowledge".

Put concisely, Epistemology is the discipline that shares the understanding of the difference between knowledge, belief, and opinion.

It answers what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, as it focuses on the analysis of systems for truth-values, the extent to which a truth-value can be known, or even exists at all.

Contents

• Background
• Differentiation
• Knowledge
  • Understanding how
  • By acquaintance
  • By description
  • Knowing that
• Belief
  • Justification
  • Rationalization
• Opinion
  • Personal View
• References

Background

• The term Epistemology is equivalent to the German concept of Wissenschaftslehre, which was used by Fichte^[1] and Bolzano^[2] for different projects before taken up again by Husserl^[3].
  
  The Scottish Philosopher Ferrier^[4] coined epistemology on the model of 'ontology', to designate that branch of philosophy which aims to discover the meaning of knowledge, and called it the 'true beginning' of philosophy. It was probably first introduced in his Institutes of Metaphysic: The Theory of Knowing and Being^[5]
  
  French philosophers then gave the term épistémologie a narrower meaning as 'theory of knowledge [théorie de la connaissance].' E.g., Meyerson^[6] opened his Identity and Reality, written in 1908, with the remark that the word 'is becoming current' as equivalent to 'the philosophy of the sciences.'^[7]

Differentiation

• Epistemological Certainty - Knowledge: certain of a truth-value.
• Epistemological Uncertainty - Belief: uncertain of a truth-value.
• Epistemological View - Opinion: an offering without a truth-value.

Knowledge

• Epistemology includes understanding how, by acquaintance or description, does justify knowing that.
  
  
• Understanding how:
  • Epistemology includes the understanding of how
    • 2 + 2 = 4 is known in a certain system of mathematics
    • a person (e.g., oneself), place (e.g., one's hometown), or thing (e.g., cars) is known by a certain relationship
• By acquaintance
  • is to be directly aware of a certain system or object, such as:
    • to have an understanding of a certain system of mathematics where 2 + 2 = 4 is defined
    • to have a relationship with a person, place, or thing, which begs the question^[8] "In what way?", answering to the relationship being defined.
• By description
  • is to have an understanding without relationship of a person, place, or thing, such as:
    • in knowing Christopher Columbus and things that have been said, but with no personal relationship to the individual whatsoever. This does not imply you understand what is said, it does only mean you know of things that have been said.
      • Christopher Columbus discovering a new world, without understanding 'new' is with regard to knowledge by acquaintance to him, can mean many different things.
• Knowing that
  • by acquaintance or description, it can be understood how that can be known.
    • to have an understanding of the certain system of mathematics where 2 + 2 = 4 is defined, one does understand how that 2 + 2 = 4 can be known.
    • to have a direct relationship defined by certain terms with a person, place, or thing, one does understand how that person, place, or thing, can be known.
    • to understand a description of a person, place, or thing, one does understand how that person, place, or thing, can be known.

Belief

• Epistemology includes the understanding of how all beliefs are justified, and how not all beliefs are rational.
  
  
• Justification
  • All beliefs are justified and reveal:
    • an individuals understanding of knowledge
    • an individuals mental health status
• Rationalization
  • Beliefs are found to be rational or not based on empiricism.
• An individual is justified in believing the definition of knowledge is "Justified True Belief" as it is popular, also what they've been taught to believe.
• In determining if this belief is rational or not, we look at evidence of other things related:
  1. Knowledge is to be certain of a truth-value
  2. Belief is to be uncertain of a truth-value altogether
  From this alone we find it is not rational to believe the definition of knowledge is "Justified True Belief", as it mixes belief with knowledge. An individual that holds this belief reveals they lack a proper understanding of the separation of knowledge from belief.

Opinion

• Epistemology includes the understanding of how when no truth-value does exist, a claim is a propositional opinion.
  
  
• Personal View
  • If one individual alleges a waterfall is beautiful, and a different individual alleges that same waterfall is boring. The opinion of each person is what they allege to be how they view the world.

References

1. ^ Johann Gottlieb Fichte(May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814)
2. ^ Bernhard Bolzano(October 5, 1781 – December 18, 1848)
3. ^ Edmund Husserl(April 8, 1859 – April 27, 1938)
4. ^ James Frederick Ferrier(June 16, 1808, Edinburgh – June 11, 1864)
5. ^ J.F. Ferrier - Institutes of Metaphysic: The Theory of Knowing and Being (1854), p. 46.
6. ^ Émile Meyerson(French: [mɛjɛʁsɔn]; February 12, 1859 – December 2, 1933)
7. ^ Émile Meyerson - Identity and Reality
8. ^ Begging the Question - A Logical Fallacy

Epistemological Certainty - Knowledge

Where Certainty means absolute Certainty,

  Epistemological Certainty [is]

  Realization, without doubt, of evidence of a truth-value that is self-evident.

As no single thing is any other thing^[1]...
     No single truth contradicts any other truth.

The knowledge of the truth is understanding.
The truth is understood by the things that are made.

In order to justify you know a truth-value you must:

1. have evidence of a certain system you understand, and
2. the evidence must justify that the truth-value of the certain system can be known.

P is true;

1. You understand the certain system of P, and
2. The evidence justifies that the truth-value of P can be known

[P]: I Exist.

1. You understand where [things which are] [belong], and
2. The evidence of [things which are] of P, justifies that one can understand that the truth-value of P can be known.

To understand in [things which are]
   there are [things which are] that [belong] of P,
     is to be justified in knowing,
       with Epistemological Certainty, "I exist".

René Descartes - Cogito Ergo Sum^[2]:

The simple meaning is that doubting one's existence, in and of itself,
   proves that an "I" exists to do the doubting.

In simpler terms:

[I IS] OR [NOT in any way, shape, nor form, AT ALL]

Epistemological Certainty,
   upon reflection of the evidence, is Knowledge!

Contents

• Challenges
• Conclusion
• References

Challenges

It is widely held that certainty is impossible, attributed to:

• People not having a proper understanding of certainty vs uncertainty, which are equatable in limit to truth vs lies.
• Many people paraphrasing Socrates and/or Plato and misrepresenting their positions to mean "one cannot know anything with absolute certainty"^[3]
  
  Refuted by:
  
  Prominent Plato Scholars:
  • C.C.W. Taylor argues the "paradoxical formulation is a clear misreading"^[4].
  • Gail Fine argues "it is better not to attribute it to him"^[5].
• Physicist Carlo Rovelli argues "The very foundation of science is to keep the door open to doubt. Precisely because we keep questioning everything, especially our own premises, we are always ready to improve our knowledge. Therefore a good scientist is never 'certain'."^[6]
  
  Refuted by:
  
  • Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge".)^[7]
  • Stephen Jay Gould^[8] in 1981, describes fact in science as meaning data^[9].
  • Evolution with regard to biology means, observed changes over time^[10]. A good scientist is certain there are observed changes over time, and certain to maintain proper mutually exclusive lists of things known for certain from things that remain uncertain.
• Problem of induction^[11]
  
  Refuted by:
  
  • Induction having nothing to do with knowledge, as it leads to only a belief.

Conclusion

• I am certain that I am.
• I am certain to be certain of one thing, is to be certain of one thing at a time.

References

1. ^ The Three Classical Laws of thought
2. ^ René Descartes - Cogito Ergo Sum
3. ^ Michael Stokes (1997) - Apology of Socrates. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. p. 18. ISBN 0-85668-371-X..
4. ^ C.C.W. Taylor - (1998) Socrates, Oxford University Press, p. 46.
5. ^ Gail Fine (2008) - "Does Socrates Claim to Know that He Knows Nothing?", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy vol. 35 (2008),p. 51
6. ^ Carlo Rovelli - (2011) The Uselessness of Certainty
7. ^ Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge".)
8. ^ Stephen Jay Gould
9. ^ Data
10. ^ Evolution as fact and theory
11. ^ Problem of induction